Internal and Hospital Medicine

An adult disease being that can appear, but are not usually studied in the pediatric and child population: Schatzki's ring, Helicobacter pylori, cricopharyngeal achalasia, pancreatic carcinoma, achalasia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the colon, malignant melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma of the ovary and sarcoidosis, hydatidiform mole. Radiologists explaining pediatric or child imaging should observe these entities and perform a proper diagnostic workup.

Allergy and Immunology are related to the organization of disorders related to the immune system. These diseases are common to all ages of the people and surrounding various organ systems.  Allergists/Immunologists are specialists, who will treat for these diseases. The Immunology Division offers coordinated multi-disciplinary administrations that range the controls of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology. Sensitivity and immunology include the administration of scatters identified with the resistant framework. These conditions extend from the exceptionally normal to the extremely uncommon, crossing all ages and including different organ frameworks.

Anesthesiology is into ensuring the safety of patients undergoing surgery. The anesthesiologist cares for the patient to avoid the pain and distress they would otherwise experience. The anesthesiologist makes the patient to sleep. This allows patients to undergo surgery safely. After the anesthesia, the surgery will happen. General surgeons are specialized in General surgery and they mainly focus on the stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland. This is why anesthesiology and general surgery are related to each other.

Cardiovascular Medicine study is the most comprehensive provider of cardiovascular services specializing in the prevention, detection, management, and treatment of adult cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular Medicine Conferences is a platform for postgraduate education and scientific work in the fields of cardiology, angiology, hypertension, cardiac   and  vascular surgery.

A chronic condition is a human health condition or disorder that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months. In medicine, the opposite of chronic is acute. A chronic study is further distinguished from a recurrent course; recurrent diseases relapse continuously, with periods of remission in between. Chronic conditions have often been used to describe the various health-related states of the human body such as syndromes, physical impairments, disabilities as well as diseases.

Clinical trials are observations or experiments done in clinical research. It includes biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants to answer specific questions about treatments such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices. It generates data on efficacy and safety. Clinical trials are conducted only after they receive approval from the ethics committee in the country. These authorities are responsible for the benefit or risk ratio of trial and the approval does not mean the therapy is safe; it is that only the trial may be conducted. The cost of a trial is dependent on a number of factors. The sponsor for clinical trials may be a pharmaceutical company or government organization or medical device company. There are certain functions that are necessary to the trial include lab work and monitoring, managed by a central laboratory or contract research organization

Dermatology is the branch of solution managing the skin, nails, hair and its maladies. The main skin illness issue influenced by skin compose, contingent upon the region. The vast majority of the lady’s experiences distortion and uneasiness related to skin issues influence them among the primary motivations to individuals look for restorative care. 

Diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. Diagnosis is often challenging because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific. Thus differential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves the correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during the process. Sometimes Posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis

The electronic medical record refers to patient health information in a digital format. Records can be shared through enterprise-wide information systems or other information networks and exchanges. The electronic medical record includes a range of data that includes medical history, laboratory test records, vital signs, billing information, radiology images. Electronic medical record systems are designed to store data accurately and to capture the state of a patient across time. Due to the digital information being searchable in a single file, electronic medical records are more effective when extracting medical data for the examination of possible trends and long term changes in a patient. Disease management is defined as health care interventions and communications for populations in which patient self-care efforts are significant.

Emergency medicine is the medical specialty involving care for identical and unscheduled patient volunteers with injuries requiring immediate medical treatment. Emergency physicians are responsible for beginning examinations and interventions to investigate and treat patients in the acute phase including initial rejuvenation and stabilization, coordinating care with doctors from other specialties, and making opinions regarding a patient's need for hospital admission, examination, and discharge. Emergency physicians generally practice in hospital emergency departments, pre-hospital settings through emergency medical assistance and intensive care units

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology, which deals with the endocrine system and its diseases. It also deals with specific secretions known as hormones. Endocrinology specializations include comparative and behavioral endocrinology.  It is also concerned with growth and development, sleep, tissue function, respiration, digestion, mood, stress, excretion, lactation, behavioral and psychological activities of metabolism, reproduction and sensory perception caused by hormones. 

Epidemiology is the course and analysis of the patterns, source, and effects of health and epidemic conditions in specified populations. It is the keystone of civic health and shapes management decisions and data-based practice by identifying exposure factors for disorder and mark for precautionary healthcare. Epidemiologist’s  assisted with study method, selection, and statistical analysis of evidence; alter interpretation and propagation of results.Epidemiology has helped evolve the technique used in clinical research, civic health course and to a lesser intensity, basic research in the biological system

Family medicine (FM), family practice (FP) is a combined health care facility for people of all ages, generally, we named them as a family physician or family doctor in other places often called as general practice or General Practice Doctor (GP). Family physicians also manage chronic illness, from heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and asthma etc. they also provide ongoing, personal care for the most serious health problems

The study of gastroenterology and hepatology are often related to each other. A gastroenterologist is an internist who has completed specialty training in the treatment of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. A hepatologist is the most experienced and qualified type of doctor to treat people with liver. Gastroenterology emphasis the digestive system and its disorders which include the alimentary canal. It involves a comprehensive understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal organs, including the motility of food through the stomach and intestine, the digestion and absorption of nutrients into the body, removal of waste out of the system, and the function of the liver as a digestive organ.

Genomics is the study of genomes, the complete set of DNA within a cell of an organism. More specifically, genomics involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes. Genomics is also concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics uses high DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble, and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in systems biology which facilitates the understanding of complex biological systems such as the brain.

Geriatrics is a study that focuses on the health care of aged people. It aims to stimulate health by countering and treating disorders and disabilities in elder adults. Geriatric physician who specializes in the care of an older person. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. Geriatrics varies from standard adult medicine because it targeted on the particular needs of the aged person. The aged body is various physiologically from the younger developed body and during old age

Study of blood, blood-forming organs and blood diseases will come under Hematology. Hematology includes the treatment of blood disorders and malignancies, including types of hemophilia, leukemia, lymphoma and sickle-cell anemia. Hematology is a branch of internal medicine that deals with the physiology, pathology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood-related disorders. Hematologists focus largely on lymphatic organs and bone marrow and may diagnose blood count irregularities or platelet irregularities. 

Hospital medicine in the United States is the medical specialty concerned with the care of acutely ill hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is caring for hospitalized patients only while they are in the hospital are called hospitalists

Infectious diseases are a disorder caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, these diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain cases, some organisms may source of disease. Infectious disease results from the coaction between those few microorganisms and the defenses of the hosts they infect. However, a host's immune system can also cause harm to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection

Intensive care medicine is a branch of medicine board with the diagnosis and administration of life-threatening disease cases requiring organ support and invasive auditing. Patients requiring intensive care may compel support for instability, acute renal failure, respiratory compromise, lethal cardiac arrhythmias or the increasing effects of multiple organ failure, more frequently referred to now as multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. They may also be introduced for invasive auditings, such as the crucial hours after major surgery when allow too unstable to transfer to a less intensively auditor unit. Intensive care is usually only offered to those whose condition is potentially reversible and who have a good chance of surviving with intensive care support. A prime requirement for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) is that the underlying case can be defeated. Critical care medicine is a relatively new but increasingly important medical specialty. Physicians with training in critical care medicine are referred to as intensivists.

Taking preventative or necessary medical actions to improve a being's welfare. This may be done with surgery, the administering of medicine, or other alterations in a person's lifestyle. These services are typically offered through a health care system made up of hospitals and physicians. Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields. These are the doctors, nurses, and assistants who work with patients to diagnose and treat health issues, and often provide preventative care to help patients maintain good health. Cardiology, Dentistry, Emergency medicine, Gerontology, Pediatrics and Radiology are few clinical Specializations

Nephrology is a branch of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the kidneys. It deals with the study of normal kidney function and kidney problems, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney problems, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy. Systemic conditions such as autoimmune disease and diabetes affect the kidneys and systemic problem such as hypertension occurs as a result of kidney problems are studied in nephrology. The one who concentrates in the care and dealing of kidney disease is a nephrologist. To become an expert with advanced skills a nephrologist requires additional training. They will treat in general/internal medicine, immunosuppression management, clinical pharmacology, perioperative medicine, intensive care medicine, transplant medicine, pediatric nephrology.

Neurology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system. The most important area of neurology are: the autonomic, central and peripheral nervous systems.  A neurologist is a person who deals with the field of neurology. Neurology is linked to psychiatry and oncology. Neurologists are not surgeons. Those who perform surgery are called neurosurgeons and they undergo a surgical, rather than internal medicine, residency

An OB-GYN, or obstetrician-gynecologist, is a doctor who specializes in women’s health. Some OB-GYNs offer a wide range of general health services similar to your primary care doctor. Obstetrics is the branch of medicine related to medical and surgical care before, during, and after a woman gives birth. Gynecology is the branch of medicine that focuses on women’s bodies and their reproductive health. It includes the diagnosis, treatment, and care of women’s reproductive systems

Oncology is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The oncologist is a medical professional who practices oncology. There are three components which have improved survival in cancer: Cancers are managed by attending multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where the surgical oncologist, pathologist, medical oncologist, organ-specific oncologists meet to find possible management for an individual patient considering the social, emotional, physical, psychological and financial status of patients

Primary care is the routine healthcare given by a health care server. Typically this provider acts as the first contact and leading point of advancing care for patients within a healthcare system and organizes other specialist care that the patient may need. Patients generally receive primary care from a specialist such as a primary care physician, an adult-gerontology nurse practitioner, a Pediatric nurse practitioner, and family nurse practitioner or a physician assistant. Depending on the nature of the health condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care

The aim of the study of pediatrics is to reduce infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, promote healthy lifestyles for long disease-free life and help ease the problems of children and adolescents.  General Pediatrics includes the basic treatments involved for the betterment of pediatric health. This challenge can be achieved by learning about child psychology and behavioral studies which can ease the complications with the child during the treatment. Neonatology includes medical careof newborn infants, especially premature and sick newborns. It is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units. The principal patients of neonatologists are newborn infants who require special medical care due to low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital malformations, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxia.

Primary care is the routine healthcare given by a health care server. Typically this provider acts as the first contact and leading point of advancing care for patients within a healthcare system and organizes other specialist care that the patient may need. Patients generally receive primary care from a specialist such as a primary care physician, an adult-gerontology nurse practitioner, a Pediatric nurse practitioner, and a family nurse practitioner or a physician assistant. Depending on the nature of the health condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are experts in mental health. People seek psychiatric help for many reasons. For example, the problems can be such as a panic attack, frightening hallucinations, thoughts of suicide, or hearing "voices." Or they may be more long-term, such as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anxiousness that never seem to lift or problems functioning, causing everyday life to feel distorted or out of control. They make a diagnosis and work with you to develop a management plan for your treatment and recovery. Psychiatrists provide and recommend psychological treatment, medication, and brain stimulation therapies

Caring for critically ill patients and patients with lung disease will come under the Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart. In one form of pulmonary hypertension, tiny arteries in your lungs, called pulmonary arterioles, and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. Critical care is specialized care of patients whose conditions are life-threatening and who require comprehensive care and constant monitoring, usually in intensive care units. Also known as intensive care

Rheumatology deals with the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Doctors who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatic diseases affect your joints tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscles. Among them are many types of arthritis, a term used for conditions that affect your joints. A rheumatologist will examine the patients and diagnose the condition, then oversee a treatment plan that will likely include medications, regular exercise, a healthy diet, stress management, and rest.

Sleep medicine specialists are trained to diagnose, treat and manage various types of sleep disorders. Sleep doctors may treat patients with conditions, such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome

Sports medicine is a study of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of fractures related to games and exercise. Games and exercise medicine physicians are specialist doctors who have completed medical school, appropriate residency training and then specialize further in sports medicine. Specialization in sports medicine may be a doctor's first specialty. It may also be a sub-specialty following a specialization such as orthopedic surgery and psychiatry. The various approaches reflect the medical culture in different countries

Telemedicine is the study of information technology and telecommunication to contribute to clinical health care from a span. It has been used to taken distance boundaries and to better access to medical assistance that would generally not be frequently available in remote rural communities. It is also used to save lives in critical care and emergency situations. These technologies consent communications between patient and medical agents with both convenience and devotion, as well as the communication of medical, design and health services evidence data from one site to another